t – teaspoon
tsp – teaspoon

T – Tablespoon
Tbsp – Tablespoon

c – cup
C – cup

gm. = gram
mg. = milligram
f.g – few grains
sq. = square
pt – pint
qt. – quart
min. = minute (60 seconds)
hr = hour (60 minutes)
mod. = moderate
doz. = dozen (12)
pinch or a dash = less than 1/8 of a teaspoon

d.b – double broiler

B.P – baking powder

oz. – ounce
OZ – ounce

lb – pound
# – pound

pk. – peck
bu. – bushel

1 teaspoon = 60 drops
3 teaspoons = 1 Tablespoon

2 Tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce
4 Tablespoons = 1/4 Cup
5 1/3 Tablespoons = 1/3 Cup
8 Tablespoons = 1/2 Cup
16 Tablespoons = 1 Cup

16 ounces = 1 pound
1 Cup = 1/2 pint, 1 fluid ounce
2 Cups liquid = 1 pound
2 Cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 Cups = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel

Making Cooking A Bit Easier:

2 Tablespoons of fat = 1 ounce
1 Cup of fat = 1/2 pound
1 pound of butter = 2 Cups
1 Cup of butter = 1 Cup of hydrogenated fat + 1/2 teaspoon of salt
2 Cups of sugar = 1 pound

2 1/2 Cups of brown sugar packed = 1 pound
1 1/3 Cups of brown sugar packed = 1 Cup of granulated sugar (white)

Brown sugar is used often in cookies and condiment fixings, such as BBQ, teriyaki, and Chinese.

3 1/2 Cups powdered sugar (confectioners) = 1 pound

Powdered sugar is used most often in frostings, candy, and as decoration. Sift over a finished bakery item for a snowy, sweet finishing effect.

Flour Basics:

4 Cups flour (sifted all purpose) = 1 pound
4 1/2 Cups cake flour, sifted = 1 pound

1 Cup cake flour = 7/8 Cup flour (all purpose)

1 Cup flour (all purpose) = up to 1/2 Cup bran, whole wheat flour, or the amount of cornmeal to add to and level off 1 Cup of flour (all purpose)

Glutton Free Flour:

1 Cup flour (all purpose) = 1/2 Soya flour and 1/2 rice flour

In A Bind? Try These Substitutions:

1 teaspoon baking powder = 1/2 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar

1 teaspoon baking powder = 1 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 Cup buttermilk

1 Cup butter or margarine = 7/8 Cup salad or vegetable oil + 1/2 teaspoon salt

1 Tablespoon flour (all purpose) = 1 Tablespoon granulated tapioca
1 Tablespoon cornstarch = 2 Tablespoon flour
2 Tablespoon cornstarch = 4 Tablespoon flour

Baking Chocolate:

1 ounce bitter chocolate = 1 square

3 Tablespoons cocoa + 1 Tablespoon fat (lard, shortening)= 1 square bitter chocolate

4 Tablespoons cocoa + 2 teaspoons butter = 1 ounce of bitter chocolate

6 Tablespoons cocoa + 2 Tablespoons fat (lard, shortening) = 2 squares bitter chocolate

Eggs:

1 Cup egg yolks = 12 – 14 yolks
1 Cup egg whites = 8 – 10 whites

Slimming:

2 egg whites = 1 whole egg

For Thickening Baking Products:

2 egg yolks = 1 whole egg
4 egg yolks = 2 whole eggs

Dried Egg Products:

2 Tablespoons dried whole egg + 2 1/2 Tablespoons water = 1 whole egg

Butter Equivalents:

1/2 stick = 1/4 Cup
1 stick = 1/2 Cup
2 sticks = 1 Cup
4 sticks = 2 Cups

Sweeteners:

1 Cup molasses = 1 Cup of honey
Honey = equal parts molasses or corn syrup
Honey = 1 Cup granulated sugar + 1/4 liquid
Corn Syrup = 1 Cup granulated sugar + 1/4 Cup liquid
1 Cup brown sugar = 3/4 granulated sugar + 1/4 molasses
1 1/3 Cups Powdered Sugar (confectioners) = 1 Cup granulated sugar

Got Milk?

1 Cup milk = 1/2 Cup evaporated milk + 1/2 Cup water

1 Cup buttermilk = 1 Cup sweet milk + 1 Tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar

1 Cup buttermilk = 2/3 Cup plain yogurt + 1/3 Cup sweet milk
1/2 Cup reconstituted dry milk, nonfat = 1/4 Cup water
1 Cup reconstituted dry milk, nonfat = 1 Cup skim milk

Heavy cream can be substituted with equal parts of evaporated skim milk.

Soy milk can be substituted in recipes for evaporated or condensed milk.

Applesauce can be substituted for milk and butter in mashed potatoes, although it is a different flavor. But it is still tasty, and less fat per serving overall. Experiment with herbs and spices!

1 Cup sour cream = 1 Cup plain yogurt
1 Cup plain yogurt = 1 Cup buttermilk

Herbs:

Basic dried herbs, 1 Tablespoon fresh = 1 teaspoon dried

1 clove garlic = 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder or 1/4 flakes
1 Tablespoon dried onion = 1 small fresh onion
1 Tablespoon prepared mustard = 1 teaspoon dried mustard

1/2 teaspoon Tabasco = 1/8 teaspoon red pepper flakes or dash of cayenne (red) pepper

To thicken a food dish.

1 Tablespoon cornstarch = 2 Tablespoons flour

Are you making a dessert ‘to die for’? But find that you have no whip topping on hand, or that it has not thawed completely? Try these substitutions.

1 Cup whipping cream = 2 Cups whipped
1 Cup evaporated milk = 3 Cups whipped

Fruit Juice

1 lemon = 3 – 4 Tablespoons juice
1 orange = 6 – 8 Tablespoons juice

Rice

1 Cup uncooked rice = 2 – 3 Cups cooked rice